Study on SLANG of GAY Community

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study

  Language is very important in our lives. People at least use one language to convey and express their ideas, desire and feelings through communication process with others. As Chaer and Leony state that by language one can talk woth others, express his desires,his feeling and his ideas (Chaer and Leony, 1995:22).

Language is also a social phenomenon. It is a means of communication between individuals and brings them into relationship with enviroment (Boey, 1975:3). So, language and society are two things, which are inseparable. They have close realationship since each other support another. Kartomiharjo states that a society dwelling in a certain region is generally divisible into smaller groups. They formed by ethnic, profession, religion, ideology, socio-economic,education and others (1988:3-4).

Those variables create varieties of language such as language used by teachers, student, farmers, or gangster. Each of them has certain characteristic differentiating one from others, Gumperz in Gigliogi state that people tend to use their own terminology in-group communication and themajority language for interaction with considers.

Beside that, some varieties of language are also caused by age, sex and occupation, and function (Wardaugh, 1997:219-220). As cook and suter state in Wibisono, age, sex, ethnic affiliation and profession or occupations also affect theway people to talk (2003:12).

Dealing with age, there are language varieties used by the youth as phase of transition from childhood to adulthood, may lead to the term “identity“ to be taken into consideration (silvy, 2001). They create their own language to show their identity. Beside that, they use it to make the outsider my not understand it. They tend to use informal style rather than formal one because it creates the situation sound friendly in communication.     

A form of informal style that is usually used by theyouth is slang. According to Hartman and Stork in Alwasilah state that slang is :

A variety of speech chareterized by newly coined and rapidly changing

Vocabulary, used by the young or by social and proffesional groups for ‘in group‘communication and thus tending to prevent understanding

          By the rest of the speech community ( 1990:57).

Pei and Gaynor add that slang is a style of language in fairly common use, produced by popular adaptation and extension of the meaning of existing words by coining new words with disregard scholastic standard and linguistic principles of the formation words. As the Gay Community of Malang something hidden behind the Gay cheerful appearance, they have a typical style, Own social attitude, Culture and history protest or even politics and religion (Nadjib, 1986).

Some time if you heard what they are talking about, you seemed to be confused to catch it, caused it seemed that they are make, mixed or maybe interfered with another word.

These are theexample as consideration :

v  Sayonara lapangan bola nih.

Saya lapar baget nih.

(I am very hungry)

v  Kenapose sih . . . adindah yang luncang ?

Kenapa sih . . . . ada yang lucu ?

(why  . . . it is funny ? )

v  Kamuflase mawar duane atau sastra ?

Kamu mau dua atau satu ?

(Do you want one or two ? )

v  Hai . . . apose kabaret bow ?

Hai . . . apa kabar broe ? 

( Hy . . . how are you guys )

The example generalized that themember of  Gay posses their own language variety that is slang, the outsiders will have difficulty in catching and understanding the sense if these language, the secret code as sayonara lapangan bola nih may means nothing for other people, but the member of Gay community understand the meaning of it, because this code used as means of communication scretly between themember.

Gay deals with some aspect like : society, music and urbanities phenomenon. They gather at sidewalks, department stores entrances,salon, beach, train station ta night, art communicaties and other place that they easily be seen. A little bit explanations for all the reader especially sociolinguistic observes that not all of Gay community live style is bad, sometimes is good, event for outsider of Gay community.

The study of sociolinguistics, especially in thefield of informal style is very exciting, it is because thetendency for speakers to use informal style to create situation sound friendly and closer. In everyday live communication among members of society prefer to use informal rather than  formal one.

Based on thephenomenon above, thestudy is intended to reveal theslang of surabaya punk society, which reflects thevariety of codes spreading in thespeech society they tend to be bilingualism, by using their own idiom for in-group communication. Even though this language is dynamic and it can be changes, it should be well documented and it should be well studied.

1.2    Statement of the problem

Based on the background of study, the problems are formulated as follow:

1. What slang words does the Malang of Gay community employ ?

2. In what social context do they use the slang words ?

3. Why does Malang Gay community use the slang word ?

1.3    Purpose of the Study

In accordance with the problem of the study, the objective are formulated as follows :

1. To identity the slang words employed by the Malang of Gay community.

2. To analyze the social context of the use slang words

3. To reveal the reason why they use slang words.

1.4    Significance of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the writer expect that the study will give a meaningful contribution to the sociolinguistic study and enlarge the view of the students of English Department, in particular, and for the sociolinguistic observes in general.

1.5    Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study refers to linguistics varitions, which exits in Malang. It is focused in aspect namely :

1.      Vocabulary items on some slang word charectirized Malang Gay

community

2.      The social context of slang usage

The reasons of the slang usage

1.6  Definition of  Key Terms

Some items of terminology are defined in order to avoid misinterpretation :

1.      Slang is part of casual, informal styles of language use. It is often perceived as low or vulgar of language and is deemed to be out of place in formals styles of  language (Nirmalasari,1988:144).

Gay is youth rebellion in theextremes.With their spiked hair,Graceful, always like fragrant, soft hair, cool, perfect,feminim, in character like a women, Outlandishly cutomized, and much published obscene Language, Gay tried to show themselves off from thesociety and also to shock society into action (Chamberlain, 1995).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1    The Field of Sociolinguistics

The recognition of the importance of the relationship between language and society has led to the growth of sociolinguistics is a study of language in relation to society (Holmes, 1980:1).

The same idea stated by Holmes (2001:1) that sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It explains why we speak differently in different social context, and concerns with identifying the social function of language and the ways it are used to convey social context provides a wealth of information about the way language works, as well as about the social relationships it a community and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through their language.

Futhermore, he claims that in any situation, linguistics choices will generally reflect the influence of social factors. They are :

1. The participant : who is speaking ? and whom are they speaking to ? the participant refer to theusers of language. For example : wife-husband, boss-worker, customer– shop-keeper.

2. The setting or social context of the interaction : where are they speaking ? for example : home, work, school and so on.

3. The topic : what is being talked about

4. The function : why are they speaking ? (Hudson, 1980:15)

While Dell Hymes (1972) in Chaer and Leony (1995: 62- 64) describes the components of the social context in communication taken from the acronym of SPEAKING as follows :

S (=Setting and Scene). Setting is related to the time and palace in which the utterance appears and scene is related to the situation of the time or place and the psycological situation of communi cation.

P (=Participants). It refers to person involved in communication such as speaker, listener, addresser, and addressee in conveying ( the message).

E (=Ends: purpose and goal). It refers to the objective and the purpose of the utterance.

A (= Act Sequensces). It refers to the form and the content of the utterance.

K (=Key : tone or spirit of act). It refers to how intention and the way the utterance are applied, such as happily, proudly, and so on.

I (=Instrumentality’s). It refers to code of utterance used such as language, dialect, and register. It also refers to the form of language used both as spoken and written language through telegraph or telephone.

N (=Norm of interaction and interpretation). It refers to the norm ot the role if interaction, such as the norm that related with asking, or interruption.

G (= Genre). It is related to the form of utterance as poem, argument, prayer, and so on.

Fishman in Giglioli explains that sociolinguistics examines theinteraction of the two aspect of human behavior : the use of language and social organization behavior ( 1972:45-58 ). Chaika, on the other hand, states that sociolinguistics study of the way people use language in social interaction.

According to bell sociolinguistics is the relatively new approach with in linguistics to the description of variation in language (Marjohan,1988:5). Sociolinguistics has shown systematic correlations between variation in linguistics form (phonological, morphological, syntactic) and social variabels the social strata to which speaker belong, social relationship between participants in linguistics interactions, differences in social setting or occasion, differences of topic, and so on (Faircloug, 1989:7).While fishmen (1972:4) states that sociolinguistics in the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the charateristics of their function, and the charateristics of their speaker as the three constantly interact, change, change one another with in a speech community.

2.1       Speech Community

Speech community is a group of people who can all understand each other when they speak (Corder, 1973:50). They are usually in the same area, speaking the variant of a language, or the same standard language (Hartman and Stork, 1972:215).

While Hymes and Halliday (1972) states that thespeech community as a group of people who feel them self to be a community in some sense, rather than a group which only the linguist and outsider could know about (in Hudson. 1980:26).

According to fishman speech community is one, all of those members share at least a single speech variety and the norms for its appropriate use. A speech community may be, as small as a single closed interaction network, all of whose members regard each other in but a single capacity (Nirmalasari excerpted Wibisono,2002).

The speech community is not defined by any marked agreement in the use of language elements, so much as by participation in a set of shared norms, these norms may be observed in overt types of evaluative and by the uniformity of abstract patterns of variation, which are invariant in respect to partcular levels of usage (Labov, 1972:120).

Speech community is any human aggregate characterized by reguler and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language use (Gumperz, 1972:129).

2.2       Language

Language is a means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people. It is a purely human and non- instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires, by  means of a system of voluntarily produces symbols (Spair in Alwasilah, 1990:7). By language one can talk with other, express their desires, his feeling, and his ideas (Chaer and Leony, 1995:22).

Language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which permit a people in a given culture, or other people who have then a system of that culture, to communicate or to interact (Finochiaro, 1986:75). We use language to ask for and give people information. We use it to express indignation and annoyance, as well as admiration and respect. Often one utterance will simulataneously convert both information and expresses feeling (Holmes, 2001:2). As a social structure and value system o society, different dialects and accents are evaluated in different way (Trudgill, 1974:19 ).

2.4  Language Variation

Janet Holmas (2001:11) difines that variety is a sociolinguistics term referring to language in context. It is broad term that includes differents acccents, differents linguistic style, different dialect and even different language which contrast with each other for social reason (Holmes, 2001:11).

While Freguson and Gumpers in Allen and Corder ( 1973:92) state that variety is any body of human speech patterns which is sufficiently homogeneous to be analyzed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with broad enough semantic scope to function in all normal contexts of communication.

According to Wolfram and Christian as stated in varieties of American English, language variation is the fact society, tied in with the tradition of people and social factors that distinguish different cultural, social, and ethnic group from each other. As a form of behavior language differences simply reflect social differences of one type or another (in Presto and Shey, 1984:26). As Kartomiharjo states that language variation are associates by the differences of a language that caused by the distinction of socio-economic, background of education, profession, ideology and dreams, religions, and others (1988:61)

Futhermore, Wardhaugh in his books, an introduction to sociolinguistic (1977:219), indicates some varieties of language :

1.      By age

Language varies according the age of theperson using it. In this ways, it varies because language must be learned and there appear to be stages through which individual process of language acquisition. Old people speak differently from young people and that linguistics generations gap exists. Likewise, accepted patterns exits for communicating between and within thegenerations : old people to young, young to old people, adolescents to their peers, and so on.

2.      By sex and occupation

The language of man differs subtly  from those women. Men do not usually use expressions such as its darling, and women tend not to use profanity as extensively as man. Likewise, the language used in addressing man and women varies subtly : we can compliment a man on a new necktie with the words what a pretty tie that is ! but not with How pretty you like today !, an expression reserved for complimenting a woman.

The occupation of person causes his language to vary, particulary in the use he makes of technical terms, that is in the use he makes of the jargon in his vocation such as dentists, soldiers, mechanics, and so on. Sometimes the consequence is that such person’s experience difficulty in communicating with people outside thevocation on profesional matters because all does not share the technical vocabulary.

3. By function

The variation of language, in this way, is related to function. There are both formal and informal styles of speaking and writing. Writing also tends to be more formal than speaking in the sense that more conscious manipulation of vocabulary and sintax takes place. The most informal styles of speaking are often unjustly condemmed, for very few words used to describe slang are anything other than pejorative. Slang, with its clipped and shortened forms, and its novel uses and combinations of words, is a universal linguistic phenomenon.

2.5   Slang

Slang is a style category within the language, which occupies and extreme position on thespectrum of formality. Its lies beyond more informality where language is considered too racy, novel or unsavory for use in conversation with strangers. So slang enforces intimacy. It often performs an improtant social function, which is to include into or excluded from the intimacy circle, using forms of language through which speaker identify with or function within social sub-groups, schoolchildren and yuppies, to criminals, and drinkers.

From Nirmalasari’s perspective slang is very difficult to define because it deals with speakers enormous creativity in their use in slang, how ever she explain some salient features in this forms of language.

In her opinion slang is part of casual informa styls of language use, it is often perceived, as “ Low or Vulgar’’  form of languuage and it is seemed to be out of place in formal styles of language. Dealing  with linguistic taboo, it i considered as semi taboo language ( Hudson, 1980:53).

One generation’s slang maybe another generation’s standard vocabulary. For examples, Fan ( as in Michael Jackson Fan ) was once a slang term, short for fanatic, phone, was clipped verson of telephone, as TV was of television. ( Nirmalasari excerpted Al wasila, 1988:145).

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the actual definition of slang is consisting new or something old in new way. Futhermore, Hartman and Stork define that slang is a variety of speech characterized by newly coined and rapidly changing vocabulary used by the young or by social and professional groups for ‘ in group ’ communication and thus tending to prevent understanding by the rest of the speech community (1972:210).

In the other hand, Pei and Gainor define that slang is a style of language in fairly common use, produced by popular adaptation and extension of the meaning of existing word by coining new word with disregard scholastic standard and linguistic principles of the formation of words, generally peculiar to certain classes and social or age groups (1954:199).

Holmes states that slang is another area of vocabulary, which reflects a person’s age. He adds that current slang is the linguistics prerogative of young people and generally sound add in the mouth of an older person. It signals membership of particular group. The young vocabulary can be a real give-away if you are trying to guess a person’s age on the telephone or radio. There are many various ways to make slang. According to Thomas Pyle in Yolanda  ( 2001:11-15). Many various processes of making new words as folloes can form slang :

1.  Root Creation

They are formed by purely arbitrary combination of letters, not drived in whole or in part from any existing words. For example is Kodak. Kodak is a word completely without any associations with any existing word. It is name of camera, which appeared firstly in the U,S Patent Office Gazette in 1988.

2.  Trade Name

They are formed in the naming of products. For example : Vaseline. It is made from German Wasser ‘water ’ plus Greek elaion ‘oil’.

3.  Echoic / Onomatopoeic Words

There is sound alone which is basic limited number of words,such as : bank, splash, and so on.

4.  Ejaculations

Sounds supposedly imitative of more or less instinctive vocal responses to emotional situations have become words in their own right. for example : ouch is an exclamation at fairly mild pain.

5. The Use of Prefixes and Suffixes

Other processes commonly acquire new words as the use of prefixes and suffixes such as employed, understand, ex-wife.

6.      New Affixes and New Uses of Old Ones

Sometimes, linguistically native misunderstanding has created new suffixes on our day. However, may be the affixes come from other language. For example : in German Hambuger, it is associated with Hamburg, the name of city in German, which is added by er.

7.      Compounds

They make new word by putting two or more words together with a meaning in some ways different such as girlfriend, blackbird, and textbook.

8.      Clipped / Abbreviation Form

Shorting a full form of a word such a fan form fanatic, mike from microphone, and so on form them.

9.      Back Formation

They are making new words, which are mistakenly assumed to be a derivative of it. For example : burgle from burglar.

10.  Blends

Blending of two words does a process of making a new word. For it instance : smog and fog.

11.  Acronyms

A process of the use of the intial letters of the words in phrases, sometimes it uses the syllables, for example : radar is from radio detecting and ranging.

12.  Folk Etymology

The native-misunderstanding of some words are not familiar in society, in which those words furnish in with new etymology. For example : roach is for cucaracha.

13.  Common Word from Proper Names

There are a large number of words from proper names. For example : boycott. It was from Charles Cunningham boycott (1932-1997) that was a captain.

2.6       Youth and Gay

Remained the only form of culture that youth those most receptive to radical ideas who hold the most potential for social action cared- about. For the young, everything folowed to IGAMA (Ikatan Gay Malang) : fashoin, slang, sexsual, attitude, drug habits, and poses. (Malcolm Mac Laren as citied by Chamberlain,1995.1).

There are several ways to create gay terms. Since the mid-1990s, the most popular process is syllabic substitution,where a word replaces a standard Indonesian word with which it shares a syllable (typically the first syllable).

For instance, tidak ‘no, not’ is replaced by tinta‘tint’(see Table below).

Syllabic substitution in bahasa gay

Bahasa gay term	Original meaning	Replaces Indonesia term	meaning
amplop	envelope	ampun	in set phrase ‘ya ampun’ (oh my God!)
Balikpapan	city in Kalimantan	kembali	you’re welcome
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation	becak	pedicab
bodrex	cough medicine	bodoh	stupid
ciptadent	brand of toothpaste	cium	to kiss
émbér	pail,bucket	emang	indeed
jelita	lovely	jelek	bad
lapangan	Open field	lapar	hungry
Makassar	city in Sulawesi	makan	to eat
mawar	rose	mau	to want
Polonia	airport in the city of Medan (in Sumatra)	pulang	to go home
Samarinda	city in Kalimantan	sama-sama	you’re welcome
semangka	watermelon	semak	to like
sutra	silk	sudah	already
tinta	Tint	tidak	no

Youth as a phase of transition from chilhood to adulthood may lead to the term “identity“ to be taken into consideration. In this way, modern society sometimes plays a very significant role to the following of identity for the youth (Dyson, 2001).

The transition phase in modern society becomes longer. It is caused by an obligation as an adult to fulfill material and social status to need highly. As a result, a “ free “ lifestyle, according to him is likely to be chosen.

The paculiar lifestyle of youth can be linked to many related ideas. There are complex relation ship among body, fashion, style and appearance, and personal identity decided by someone ( Juliastuty 2001 ). Gay and youth bear an increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, school problems, and isolation because of a "hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers”. Further, LGB youths are more likely to report psychological and physical abuse by parents or caretakers, and more sexual abuse. Suggested reasons for this disparity are that (1) LGBT youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their perceived sexual orientation or gender non-conforming appearance, and (2) that "risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members...may lead to an increase in behaviors that are associated with risk for victimization, such as substance abuse, sex with multiple partners, or running away from home as a teenager."  A 2008 study showed a correlation between the degree of rejecting behaviour by parents of LGB adolescents and negative health problems in the teenagers studied:

Higher rates of family rejection were significantly associated with poorer health outcomes. On the basis of odds ratios, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8.4 times more likely to report having attempted suicide, 5.9 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3.4 times more likely to use illegal drugs, and 3.4 times more likely to report having engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse compared with peers from families that reported no or low levels of family rejection.

CHAPTER  III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1    Research Methods

Research methodology is an essential part in conducting a research. The method use in this study is descriptive qualitative.

Sudaryanto ( 1992:62 ) comments it in his book, saying that.

Istilah deskriptif itu menyarankan bahwa penelitian yang dilakukan semata-mata hanya berdasarkan pada fakta yang ada atau fenomena yang memang secara empiris hidup pada penutur-penuturnya, sehingga dicatat atau dihasilkan berupa perian bahasa yang biasa dikatakan sifatnya seperti potret paparan seperti apa adanya .

(Descriptive means that research basically only from fact or phenomenon which is empirically live from native speakers, so it had been written or produce like language tools which is commonly say like reality).

Arikunto (1990:310) argues that,

Penelitian deskriptif tidak dimaksudkan untuk menguji hipotesis tertentu, tetapi hanya menggambarkan apa adanya tenteng sesuatu variable, gejala atau keadaan. Memang ada kalanya dalam penelitian ingin juga membuktikan dugaan tetapi tidak berlaku lazim. Yang umum adalah bahwa penelitian deskriptif ini tidak dimasukan untuk menguji hipotesis.

(The descriptive research was not purposed for examine some oh hypothesis, but only describe the reality abouth kind of variable, sometimes the condition of the research also demainding about proving a hypothesis but it is unusual. Commonly this descriptive research was not for testing hypothesis).

The method then, is applied analyze the slang of Gay Community in Malang for it is very appropriate to the objective of the study that is describing the phenomenon found during the process of the study.

3.2    Data and Data Sources

According to Neuman ( 1991:369), informants are member with whom a field research develops a relationship and who tells about, or informs on, the field. Good informants, he adds, must meet some criteria such as : Live and engages within the group routines, currently, involved, able to spend time with researcher, and come from non-analytic members.

Meleong (2002:90) comment it in hi book and says that,

“Informan adalah orang yang dimanfaatkan untuk memberikan informasi tentang situasi dan kondisi latar penelitian, jadi ia harus mempunyai banyak pengelaman tentang latar penelitian.”

(Informant is a native speaker who acts as a model for someone and giving information about situation and condition for research, so he must have a lot of experience about the background of research.)

The informants ( Gay ) observed, are those who are in this conditions :

1. Live in Malang

2. Aged around 17 – 26 years old

3. Phsycally and mentally healthy

4. Trustworthy and responsible

5. Join the Gay community at least more than one year

The informants of this study are 8 persons, they are considered to represent the whole population of Gay community in Malang, and they will be interview and observed.

Many homosexual men in Indonesia speak what they call bahasa gay ‘gay language’, a linguistic phenomenon based upon bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian), Indonesia’s national language.

Bahasa gay, is also known by gay men and other Malang as bahasa banci, a closely related language variety. Banci is a nationwide (and somewhat derogatory) term for male-to-female transvestites; two well-known bahasa gay/banci variants of the term are binan and bencong (thus this language is also called bahasa binan or bahasa bencong).

To date, the fundamental condition of bahasa gay’s existence is that although some terms transform words from local languages such as Javanese, at the overall grammatical level bahasa gay is always based on Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia), the national vernacular.

Although Indonesia has considerable linguistic diversity, bahasa gay is a self-consciously nationwide way of speaking. All of the derivational patterns used to produce bahasa gay lexemes originated in one region of Malang but became nationally distributed through gay social networks. The language’s fundamental logic is not that of alterity but of creative transformation of a dominant state discourse. It is a conscious (and often humorous) language game.

Derivation
        Competence in bahasa gay includes intonation, pragmatics, and ideology about bahasa gay itself, but what gay men (and those who appropriate bahasa gay) find most salient is lexicon. This “lexicon”, however, is more than just a collection of words; it is a set of patterned derivational processes that together constitute a language game. True fluency is signaled not just by knowing vocabulary but by knowing the processes and being able to coin neologisms oneself.

There are several ways to create gay terms. Since the mid-1990s, the most popular process is syllabic substitution, where a word replaces a standard Indonesian word with which it shares a syllable (typically the first syllable). For instance, tidak ‘no, not’ is replaced by tinta ‘tint’ (see Table below).

Syllabic substitution in bahasa gay

Bahasa gay term	Original meaning	Replaces Indonesia term	meaning
amplop	envelope	ampun	in set phrase ‘ya ampun’ (oh my God!)
Balikpapan	city in Kalimantan	kembali	you’re welcome
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation	becak	pedicab
bodrex	cough medicine	bodoh	stupid
ciptadent	brand of toothpaste	cium	to kiss
émbér	pail,bucket	emang	indeed
jelita	lovely	jelek	bad
lapangan	Open field	lapar	hungry
Makassar	city in Sulawesi	makan	to eat
mawar	rose	mau	to want
Polonia	airport in the city of Medan (in Sumatra)	pulang	to go home
Samarinda	city in Kalimantan	sama-sama	you’re welcome
semangka	watermelon	semak	to like
sutra	silk	sudah	already
tinta	Tint	tidak	no

Two other derivational processes are related to syllabic substitution. The first is neologism (Table below), in which the Indonesian term is replaced by a form that shares the same first syllable or sound but does not have a prior meaning of its own. Only a handful of bahasa gay terms originate in this manner; bahasa gay is a language of transformation.

Neologisms in bahasa gay

Bahasa gay term		Replaces Indonesian term		Meaning
akika		aku		I (familiar)
cuco’		cakep		handsome
jahara		jahat		evil

The second process is semantic shift, whereby an Indonesian term is given a new meaning (Table below). Semantic shifting is a feature of non-gay urban language as well, where it is termed plesetan (Chambert-Loir 1984; Oetomo 2001).

Semantic shift in bahasa gay

Bahasa gay term	Replaces Indonesian term			Meaning in bahasa Gay
brondong	fusillade			young man
goreng	Fry			anal sex
kucing	cat			sex worker

Another important derivational process in bahasa gay is suffixation and vowel shift (Table below), which is usually used to transform a standard Indonesian term but occasionally involves a bahasa gay item, a local language term, or an English loanword.

Suffixation and vowel shift in bahasa gay.

Indonesian or bahasa gay term		Meaning		New bahasa gay term
banci		waria (an amalgam of wanita ‘woman’ and pria ‘man’)		béncong or bénces
berapa		how much?		brépong
dandan		put on makeup		déndong or déndes
homo		Homosexual		hémong
lelaki		Man		lékong or lékes
loco		Masturbate		lécong, léces, or léci
pura-pura		Pretend		péres
sakit		sick(‘attracted to the same sex in bahasa gay)		sékong, sékes, or sékes
terjadi		to have happened		terjedong

The most common suffixes are –ong and –es. Dede Oetomo suggests that suffixation and vowel shift first appeared in Jakarta and areas most directly influenced by the Jakartan dialect of Indonesian; he also notes that a few terms of -ong shifting, namely bencong, from banci ‘male transvestite’, and nepsong, from napsu ‘desire’, appear to have come into existence before bahasa gay took form (2001:62). As in the case of all other derivational processes for bahasa gay, the most common kinds of transformed words are nouns and adjectives.

With -in- infixing, the infix -in- is “inserted between the consonant and vowel of every syllable, usually with a shortening of the product so that it becomes two syllables long” (Oetomo 1999:28).

Thus banci becomes binancini, which becomes binan. See table below:

Indonesian or bahasa gay term	Meaning	New bahasa gay term
banci	waria (an amalgam of wanita ‘woman’ and pria ‘man’)	binancini
berapa	how much?	binerinapina
dandan	put on makeup	dinandinan
homo	Homosexual	hinomino
lelaki	Man	linakini
loco	Masturbate	linocino
pura-pura	Pretend	pinurina pinurina
sakit	sick(‘attracted to the same sex in bahasa gay)	sinakinit
terjadi	to have happened	tinerjinadini

Intonation
        Though far less emphasized than patterned lexicon, speaking in what is considered to be an effeminate manner is also sometimes asserted by gay men to be indicative of bahasa gay. By ‘effeminate’ (standard Indonesian kewanitaan or feminin; bahasa gay terms include ngondhek, megol, kriting ‘curly’), these men refer to the high-pitched tone and rising utterance–final intonation that Indonesians associate with images of demure femininity.

3.3  Data Collection

As it said before, as a primary data, the data are collected through interview and observation. When interviewing the event will be conducted under a recorded situation of when the informants answer the questions being asked in addition, field note will be created ( appendix 1 ). It is page in begining of interview notes with information such as date, place characteristics, and moment of the interview, which give contribution when re-reading and making senses of the notes.

The instrument of interview is an interview guide and using an informal interview, informal interview used because punk member will not answer the question if they know that the have been interviewed. The major line of instrument consist :

1.      what is gay for the member ?

who are the gay members ?

why join gay community ?

when join gay community ?

where is the place of gay members when they hang around ?

The other method beside interview is observation, it is applied to anyone as far as he belong the  Gay of community Malang. Here, the observer pays, attention, watches, and listens carefully to their language and their activities. ( Appendix 2 )

In an observation, the researcher becomes an instrument that absorbs all sources of information ( Neuman, 1991:355)

Arikunto ( 1990:205 ) argues that,

Mengamati adalah menatap kejadian, gerak atau proses. Mengamati bukanlah pekerjaan yang muda karena manusia banyak dipengaruhi oleh minat dan kecenderungan – kecenderungan yang ada padanya.

(Watching is look at the phenomenon, movement and process. Watching is not easy because someone influenced by interest and other leans.)

This is major  instrumens of observation;the observer pays attention  and watch carefully about Gay  activities aspecially:

1.      Hair cut

Greeting

Accessories

Dance

Lips Sing

Gay for Pays

Salon

Model

Fitness

 Design

The observer observe Gay member reaction and also the freguency of the intrument happen, Beside that interview  and obsevation as the main instrument in collecting data,written materials such as books on sociolinguistics and other related sources will be treated as secondary data. (Appendix 3)

3.4  Data Analysis

Meleong  ( 2002:190 ) in his book comments that,

Proses analisis data dimulai dengan menelaah seluruh data yang tersedia dari berbagai sumber, yaitu dari wawancara, pengamatan yang sudah dituliskan dalam catatan lapangan, dokumen pribadi, dokumen resmi, gambar, foto dan sebagainya.

(Data analysis process start with evaluate all of data from any source, which is interview, not field, personal document formal document, picture,ETC.)

The study of slang is analyzed through the following steps :

1.      Inventory

First step observer makes notes all the data obtained from the recorded words, interview and observation.

2.      Evaluate the data systematically

Second step observer evaluates the data based on the social context of the use slang words.

3.      Analyze the data

And the third step observer analyzes the use of slang words to reveal the reason why they use slang words. When the word show solidarity and power.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

  On this chapter the writer presents the result of the research and describe qualitatively in the form of result and discussion. This result and discussion  just describe the slang of Gay community in Malang.

  The result is written in the form of language, those are words or phrases typically made  up of short lived coinages and figure of speech that are in place of standard terms for the sake of added raciness,humor, irreverence, deliberately used or other”effect” (Nirmalasari excerpted Al wasilah,1988).

To easier understanding, the inventory result differentiated into:

1.      Abbreviation

Old word with new meaning

Word coinage

Symbols and gestures

Word indicating abuse

The point is, what we are reported in this result and discussion chapter is the result obtained from observation and interview with the members of Gay community in Malang.

4.1.   RESULT

As for some of the results that I gets from the research among of gay communities in a poor about gay language in the poor in general as follows :

Words or phrases in the form of abbreviation	Old words or phrases that has new meaning
A.D D.I.Y F.O SI-AL IJO or BEGUT G.N.D R 4 F S.E T.M and A.R	IGAMA Kayangan Enjoy Harajhuku Ngeber Rayap Stelan

Word coinages	Symbols and Gestures
Banger Corosenmu Mooshing Ooi...Ooi...Ooi...	A-Symbols Crossing hand Shake hand and click Spiting Three shouting fingers X-Tattoo 10 Holes boot

Word or phrases indicating an abuse

Anjing Penjaga Anti Bonek Anti coca-cola Anti kapitalis Anti Mc.Donald Trendy Bangsat

4.2.   DISCUSSION

Gay community in Malang often speaks strange words; the following words list is concerned primarily with present-day term of Gay community in Malang.

4.2.1      Words or phrases in the form of abbreviation

A.D

It stands for Asal Dadi. It refers to some gay lipsing that had bad performances on a stage.

When gays see bad performence on stage he mumbled”kok bis kota dibawaken kasindang!”

(How could an A.D like that brought here!)

D.I.Y

It stands for Do It Your self. It is kinds of suggestion to be creactive especially in making song and avoiding singing contract with capitalist recording company, because they only think about profit oriented.

It is use when a gay remained his friend not to imitate the green day or offspring career. He said “terusan hanglekir D.I.Y jangkar tarore green day bow!”

(Go on D.I.Y do not imitate green day)

E.D

It is stand for Extreme Decay, this word for those who always make violence on a shows.

When in a gay music show one of the audience suddenly punched another one, a gay shouted”Awas E.D.”

(Watch out E.D.)

F.O

It stands for fuck off. Living on the street with their own ideal make them brave, even to curse something that they hate, they shouted directly. The expression is used in that manner especially when they see rich guy, police, army, or stylish boy.

Sometimes when on the street they see stylish boy, they said:”lekma bow adinda lekong F.O liwat!”

(Looks guys F.O boy across)

SI – AL

It stands fo SI- AL, it is one of gay igama in Malang, precisely located in front of Ramayana Mall near Sarinah Mall. But now it is seldom to be used, because there was chaos with another gank (Punk or Bonek). They go to another places such as ( Teras Cafe and Aquanos)

When they meet one another on a street they said:”Sabtu besolfon ngeber nang SI-AL yuk!”

(Lets go to SI-AL on Saturday)

IJO or BEGUT

Ijo or Begut stands for drugs ore dope, sometimes secretly they consume drug alone or together, they consume this not just for losing their stress or problem but also if they find an idea for their song and sometimes they consume drug to solve their problem.

When gays come to a stage, they usually use drugs, when they offering drugs they said:”kawanua kerajaan IJO ta kosgoro?”

(Do you want IJO or nothing?)

And maybe when they need some drugs they usually said:”akika tambuhan belalang BEGUT bow)

(Give me some money to buy BEGUT!)

G.N.D

It stand for Gay NOT Dead, this word commonly used on some concert to cheer up the situation ot to an honor to gay community.

They said to their friends:”terusan hangkelir bow, G.N.D jangkar kuatir!”

(Don’t worry guys, G.N.D !)

R 4 F

It stands for Riot For Freedom. In expressing their offensive felling, they often use this term in the form of articles. They think that capitalism block them in jail. Government, in their opinion is only a machine not an independent system. With interference of government may change their regulation without thinking what the citizen really needs.

S.E

It stand for Straight Edge, it is kind of what gay believe, this is the highest level of gay. it is what igama believe. In this case another member must understand him and not force him to consume what he reject in the name of equality that the community always praise.

T.M and A.R

T.M stand for Topi Miring and A.R stand for Arak kind for liquor brand name that usually consumed by gay community in Malang. This activity can not be avoided since the treat as a medium of gathering and share they are feeling of togetherness. When they toast, they always say Equality, mean that they are one and together.

They said like this when they one to Consume it:”Ayo bow acar- acar, belalang T.M ambe A.R

(Hi guys what about if we buy T.M and A.R)

4.2.2 Description of old words or phrases that has new meaning

Igama

This word is referred to the gay head quarters. The place for reunion and hang out together, it just like their home and the place that their values legally here.

The word used when a gay want to make appointment with another gay friends, he said:”sebentong kete nang Igama jantung lupita jones bow!”

(See you later in Igama guys)

Kayangan

The gays call the rich man or people from high community class as a Kayangan, because they hate capitalist, therefore they do not like any luxurious things as: Boutique, pubs, and those who not care to grass root.

When they see a rich men they said:”sisop tinta bisikan dadi kayangan, biasaranya njalok tok nang organda tubang .”

(Who can not be a kayangan, they only spend their parents money without working.)

Enjoy

This word reffered to gay who using drugs.

When they know that one of his friends using drugs they said:”kawanua enjoy tah sekarnia?”

(Are you enjoy right now?)

Harajhuku

It referred to one of gay haircut, it came from one of Japan called harajhuku, the harajhuku have special haircut, middle of hair stands up and the left side and the right side bald.

They said like this:”Harajhuku kawanua bagaskara bow”

(Your harajhuku is cool man)

Ngeber

The meaning of this word is they live on the street, sleep, survival in the street, they tried to realize that is not easy live in the world, we got to do anything to survive if we live on the street and accept that street is their home.

If they want to do this, they said:”Sabtu ngeber nang SI-AL yuk”

(Hey, what about ngeber on SI-AL Saturday)

Rayap

It is the world for gay who did not understand what the real gay is, what the essential think of gay, they join gay without knowing the aim of gay and without knowing the way of live of gay. That is rebellion of the social order of community.

The word was used when a gay saw a new member, he said:”belajaro,jangkar dadi rayap terusan hanglekir!”

(Keep learning, do not be rayap forever)

Stelan

It is stand for gay fashion and accessories that they wear, like haircut, jeans,boots, chances and another complite gay fashion.

They used this word like this:”jangkar lupita jones laguna nondra acar- acar pakarena stelan semuara!”

(We go to concert wearing stelan, do not forget it)

4.2.3  Word Coinages

Banger

It is a kind of dance in which gay in front of a stage bump their shoulder together suddenly when a song comes to a refrein phase (Usually after bending their knees fro a fiew second).

When there was a concert and they want to dance, gays said:”Nek banger seng bagaskara bow!”

(let’s make make a great banger guys)

Corosen

It is like harajhuku haircut in which hair arranged so that resembles Niles or Durian.

The word was used when a gay saw a haircut, he said:”Corosen kawanua bagaskara bow”

(Great corosen guys)

Mooshing

It is kind of stage diving, when one of the musicians suddenly jump into crowd audiences and the audiences catch him directly so that he is not hurt.

The word was used when there was a music concert and one of the gays said:”sing mooshing subentra akika ae bow”

(Let me do the mooshing guys)

Ooi...Ooi...Ooi

It is kind of greeting for gay community, when they meet one each other they says hello with this expressions. They have to mention Ooi...three times,this greeting mean: Liberty, Equality and Unity

4.2.4 Symbols and Gestures

A- symbols

This symbols is sign for Gay area, this symbols is a sign for another member of gay that this is the igama of gay community, so the member of gay can hang out together and reunion in this place.

Crossing hand

If a gay does not want to drink liquor in a certain gathering he can reject the invitation by crossing his hand and indicating that he is tempting to praise straight edge believe.

Shake hand and Click

One way to indicated a gay is by shake hand and click; they always do this if they meet one another in every place.

Spiting

Some gay will spit to the stage when a street gay band performs their songs. They want to remind them that they can come on the stage because they are from street. They have to not forget that. On the other hand a radical street gay will spit on the ground when they meet the have. It is just like a beggar party on china called Kaipang. The action took place when gay spitted the musician on a stage.

Three shouting fingers

This one way to indicated a gay is by pointing thumb. Forefinger and middle finger together. It means three praises they believe: Liberty, Equality, and Unity. they do this every time they meet and every place they meet.

X – Tattoo

Usually a punker make an X- tattoo on his arm indicating that he is from straight edge believe. Therefore, he must be free from drugs, alcohol, free sex and meat. In this case,another member have to respect what he believe and not to force him to consume what he rejected.

10 Holes boot

Numbers of holes on boots indicated proffesion, ten holes boot is for those who come from various proffesion or white – collars workers such as: stundents, workers, or even politicians.

4.2.5 Word or phrases indicating an abuse

Anjing penjaga

The word referred to the army and policeman, because in gay opinions cop and armed force just like a dog who always do what the master want, they always follow what the commander orders even they have to ignore the human right.

The phrase was used when some gay a policeman or an army cross a head, they said:”bow lekma adinda anjing penjaga liwat!” (look guys Anjing penjaga cross a head!)

Anti Bonek

This word referred to the Arema football supporters called Bonek who always make riot and chaos wherever they came. They always fight with another supporters from other football club and make citizens afraid to do their activities. On gay community in Malang, the member of gay was fought with Bonek at SI- AL ones.

·           Anti Coca-cola

  Anti Kapitalis

  Anti MC.Donald

The slogan for capitalism industries, gay opinion is that capitalist only think about profit without care about their employees right and only exploited them. So that way they praise Anti Capitalism.

Trendy Bangsat

It stand for fashoin style, gay show their anger toward fashion style, they think that buying expensive clothes useless because many people died in poverty and hunger. They hate people who always stylish and modish because they only spend money without thinking surrounding. So that why they call people like that as Old Fashoin Freaks and because of that to the stelan of gay is always unfashionable.

4.3    The social context of slang usage 

The slang words were created by Gay community in Malang because they want to distinguish their society with other people, on this distinguish social context and socially branded they fight together on one society to praise what they believe.

Observer classify the language usage in three social context,

·           When they interacting with other gay division

  When they interacting beside other societies

  When they interacting beside police officer

When they interacting with other member or maybe member from other gay division, they usually use almost the slang word, because they feel that they are brother and have the same purpose and same value, they are not afraid to say anything they want because they can understand each other.

For example:

When they met one each other, they always do the greeting ritual shake hand and click, or if they want to say hallo they yell”0oi” three times. This is different when they interacting beside other societies, they have to distinguish their activities, because they do not want somebody know what they say, when they want liquor or even if they use drugs. It is like abuse word, trendy bangsat or FO, they usually says like this;

•   Lekma bow’trendy bangsat liwat

  (Look guys ’trendy bangsat across) 

  Or

•   Pancen FO tenan

  (you damn right FO)

Even they try to hide what they says beside other societies, it is more carefully when they use word beside police officer or if they know that many policeman around them, the word like, IJO or Begut  for drugs, A.R and T.M  for liquor or word indicating an abuse like Anjing Penjaga. They use more secretly because they do not want policeman know and jail them and avoid chaos with policeman.

4.4    The reason why they use slang

There are some reasons why they use slang, they created slang because they need to distinguish they existence with other societies and they are not allowed other people to insult or annoy their activities, they want exclusiveness to show their power and solidarity. Therefore slang word like igama, scene, stelan, etc created by them. Solidarity when living on the street and underground sometimes make gay doing something secretly even against the law. Some forbidden act ivies like consuming liquors and drugs they do with hidden. That is way they create  words like IJO, T.M or A.R to hide their activities from policeman or other officer.

To show their power the member who praise gay and gay be the way of live, words like trendy bangsat, anjing penjaga, rayap and other abuses word used to hide what they really said, what the real meaning of what they said. Sometimes the word used to avoid chaos with other members or other society and maybe the worst thing if they have been catching by police officer because what they do.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

The conclusion of the analysis describe the slang characterized by the  Gay community in Malang can be simplicity concluded that:

5.1.   The slang words employed by the Gay community in Malang

1.  The words or phrases are in the form of abbreviation.

The Gay community in Malang tends to simple words or phrases in their dayly conversation to hide the real meaning for their activities. Example. A.D stand for asal dadi, even the other people did not understand what they said but it is meaningful for them. They tried to hide forbidden activities with this word to avoid other people and officer, for example like IJO,Begut,T.M and A.R.

2.  The second category of the slang is to give old words news meaning. Creatively of the Gay to use certain words or phrases to rebirth new meaning such as Scene is a real or Imagined place where something happens.

3.  The third category is to coin new words.

A word like Ooi... three times which considering three praises they shout: Liberty, Equality, and Unity. It is considered as a necessity fo Gay to greet another member.

4.  For some reasons, the Gay posses some symbols and gestures to mark their identity. That’s why the fourth categories discuss about those words. A symbol like A or X- Tattoo for Gay is to show that they are from what division of Gay. So from other  division can understand what the way of live he praise, like a straight Edge believe.

5.  The final category is words or phrases as an abuse. Gay is extreme societies that always   say and shout what they hate directly, because they always fight for three praises that they believe ; Liberty, Equality, Unity. The live in social people who don’t  like them or even isolating them, and they have to fight what they believe is right. A word like Anjing Penjaga is mean to remind the officer that they are like a dog that always follows what master instruction. And other words like Antis Slogan or Trendy bangsat to remind of all the people that many people suffer because our greedy and a lot of people dies because capitalism and racialism.

5.2    The social context of slang usage.

The slang words was created by Gay community of Malang because they want to distinguish their society with other people, they believe that what they praises on Liberty, Equality, Unity are always right. In this distinguish social context and socially branded they fight together on one society to praise what they believe, society that can understand what they believe and can accept values they have. They feel comfort and free on this society because they are free, they are same and they are together like a family on this society.

5.3     The reason why they use slang

There are some reasons why they created and use slang, they created slang because they need to distinguish they existence (Exclusiveness) solidarity, when living on the street and underground some times make Gay doing something secretly even against the law. Some forbidden act like consuming liquors and drugs they do with hidden way. That’s why they create words like IJO, T.M or A.R to hide their activities from policeman or other officer.

Power, the member who praise Gay and Gay be the way of live, words like trendy bangsat, anjing penjaga, rayap, FO and other abuses word used to hide what they really said, what the real meaning of what they said. Therefore Gay of community in Malang created slang words.

5.4    Suggestion

The writer realizes that this thesis is not complete and perfect because there are some weaknesses in writing this thesis caused by the limited references. There are still many problems about slang of gay community in Malang that are not discussed yet. Consequently, it will be very interesting and useful for other students to discover more about those specific problems in their thesis.

The writer suggests that this thesis is presented because of the writer knowing about slang of gay communty in Malang which is often used by her. As an gay, he hopes that slang of gay will make a progress into the positive one so that it is not only used by specific groups of a community but also becomes a special symbol of gay wherever they are. Futhermore, it is expected more the possibility of creating such dictionary which focus on slang of gay community in Malang like the dictionary of slang, and form this thesis too, he hopes that next time there come up some more perfect study of the topic.